In the present era, the confrontation with atheistic challenges and skepticism has highlighted more than ever the necessity of rethinking theological and exegetical foundations of monotheism. This research aims to explain how theological theories influence the understanding and interpretation of monotheistic verses in addressing contemporary issues, through a comparative study of Fakhr al-Razi’s views in Mafatih al-Ghayb and Allameh Tabataba’i’s perspectives in Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an. The research method employed is analytical-descriptive and comparative, conducted through a library-based approach and the examination of primary sources. The main findings indicate that the theological approaches of scholars and exegetes, particularly in explaining divine attributes and arguments for the existence of God, have had a significant impact on shaping interpretive methods of monotheistic verses. While Fakhr al-Razi, with his Ash‘ari theological foundations and distinctive rationalism, offers an interpretation of monotheism centered on defending the divine essence and attributes against doubts, Allameh Tabataba’i, through a philosophical-mystical approach grounded in existential monotheism, presents a deeper and more comprehensive interpretation of monotheistic verses capable of addressing modern intellectual challenges. These differences, in confronting contemporary intellectual issues, provide diverse approaches to explaining and defending monotheism and pave the way for new theological-exegetical discourses in today’s intellectual context.