Shiite theologians consider the goodness of justice and the ugliness of oppression to be intrinsic. They consider justice to be one of God’s actual attributes and interpret His justice to mean that God’s actions are always in accordance with justice, not that justice is subordinate to God’s actions. According to Shiite theologians, God places everything in its proper place and does not burden any being beyond its capacity. The importance of justice in Shiite theology is such that “divine justice” is recognized as one of the five distinguishing principles of the Imamiyya school.
However, Sadr al-Muta’alahin has presented a fundamental theory that can play a decisive and transformative role in identifying the instances and channels of social justice and responding to doubts about divine justice. According to this theory - especially as presented by Sadr al-Muta'al-Hain in his interpretative works - humans are different and variable in their essence and substance and have various types and species. This essential difference, and in some stages, optional, can be considered an anthropological basis in practical wisdom and taken into account in the implementation of justice, because according to it, humans, in addition to common rights and duties, may enjoy special rights and duties in accordance with their specific natures and forms, and justice is that the aforementioned rights and duties are observed by God in creation and legislation and by humans in society.
In this study, using an analytical-descriptive method, while referring to the opinions of philosophers, theologians, and commentators, we have tried to explain the theory of "plurality of souls" as one of the anthropological foundations of justice, taking into account what is stated in Islamic theology about divine justice, and to respond to some doubts about "divine justice.